Exposure to intimate partner violence and lack of asthma control in adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic airway disease that affects 339 million people worldwide. It is a heterogeneous disease with different risks, including in family environments, where intimate partner violence occurs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the possible association between psychosocial factors and asthma control in adults exposed to intimate partner violence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Brazilian public higher education institution in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: The study population consisted of adults clinically diagnosed with severe asthma and those with mild/moderate asthma identified at an asthma referral outpatient clinic. The sample comprised 492 participants who underwent clinical evaluation and completed questionnaires to assess asthma control, depression, stress, and resilience. The Conflict Tactics Scale, which measures tactics for managing marital conflicts, was used to estimate the level of intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Of the 492 participants, 76.2% were women and 91% self-referenced color black/brown, 37.8% reported low family income, 87.4% reported low education level, 71.7% reported high stress, 32.5% reported low resilience, 18.5% reported moderate or severe depression, 83.3% reported resolute negotiation, 49.4% reported major psychological aggression, 19.6% reported major physical aggression, 15.5% reported major injury, and 7.3% reported major sexual coercion. Regression analysis revealed that sex was an effect modifier. CONCLUSION: Women in situations of social vulnerability, with low income and poor education, with depression, severe asthma, and those who used aggression to resolve marital conflicts had a profile associated with a lack of asthma control.

Aproximando a Atenção Especializada da Atenção Primária à Saúde: em busca do cuidado integral ao paciente com asma no Brasil / Aligning Specialized Care with Primary Health Care: in search of comprehensive care for asthma patients in Brazil

A ocorrência de doenças alérgicas e asma ainda cresce em muitos países. Dados mostram que aproximadamente um quarto dos habitantes de países industrializados apresenta algum tipo de alergia, e nos países em desenvolvimento estas doenças podem alcançar proporções ainda maiores da população. No Brasil, embora não exista até o momento uma agenda política nacional de atenção à saúde dos pacientes com alergias e asma, iniciativas individuais em diferentes regiões têm beneficiado milhares de pacientes ao longo das últimas décadas. Estes programas têm como principais objetivos qualificar o cuidado em saúde, melhorar a qualidade de vida (especialmente dos pacientes com asma e rinite alérgica) e reduzir os indicadores de morbimortalidade relacionados às doenças. Com essa finalidade, os programas vêm se ocupando de diversas ações de educação em saúde, capacitação profissional, busca ativa para garantir diagnóstico e tratamento oportuno, e proporcionar acesso a medicamentos de forma gratuita e continuada. Entretanto, a falta de um caráter institucional que garanta o acesso universal a ações cientificamente fundamentadas, impede a equidade e a continuidade do cuidado, além de dificultar a atenção integral em asma e em outras doenças alérgicas.

Allergic diseases and asthma are on the rise in many countries. Data show that approximately 25% of the inhabitants of industrialized countries have some type of allergy, reaching even greater proportions in developing countries. Although a national health care agenda for patients with allergies and asthma has not yet been developed in Brazil, individual initiatives in different regions have benefited thousands of patients in recent decades. The main objectives of these programs are to improve health care, quality of life (especially for patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis), and reduce disease-related morbidity and mortality indicators. To this end, these programs have been engaged in health education actions, professional training, performing active searches to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment, and providing free and continuous access to medication. However, the due to the non-institutional character of these programs, universal access, evidence-based actions, and continuity of care are not guaranteed, and it is difficult to provide comprehensive care for asthma and other allergic diseases.

The hybrid protein BTH2 suppresses allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of HDM-specific immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment approach to change disease-causing allergens. Hypoallergenic derivatives show promise as potential therapeutics, amongst which BTH2 was designed to induce tolerance against Blomia tropicalis allergy. Our aim was to investigate the hypoallergenicity and immunoregulatory activity of BTH2 in vitro and its therapeutic potential in a mouse model of AIT. METHODS: Recombinant Blo t 5 and Blo t 21 allergens and their hybrid derivatives (BTH1 and BTH2) were expressed and purified. IgE binding capacity was tested by ELISA using sera from Brazilian, Colombian, and Ecuadorian subjects. Secretion of cytokines in supernatants from human cell cultures was measured following stimulation with the four recombinants and controls. The capacity of BTH2 to ameliorate allergic airway inflammation induced by B. tropicalis extract was evaluated in a murine model of AIT. RESULTS: rBlo t 5 and rBlo t 21 were identified as major allergens in Latin American patients, and BTH2 had the lowest IgE binding. In vitro stimulation of human cells induced greater levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ and reduced the secretion of Th2 cytokines. BTH2 ameliorated allergic airway inflammation in B. tropicalis-challenged A/J mice, as evidenced by the histopathological and humoral biomarkers: decreased Th2 cytokines and cellular infiltration (especially eosinophils), lower activity of eosinophil peroxidase, an increase in IgG blocking antibodies and strong reduction of mucus production by goblet cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that BTH2 represents a promising candidate for the treatment of B. tropicalis allergy with hypoallergenic, immune regulatory and therapeutic properties. Further pre-clinical studies are required in murine models of chronic asthma to further address the efficacy and safety of BTH2 as a vaccine against B. tropicalis-induced allergy.

Exposure to intimate partner violence and lack of asthma control in adults: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic airway disease that affects 339 million people worldwide. It is a heterogeneous disease with different risks, including in family environments, where intimate partner violence occurs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the possible association between psychosocial factors and asthma control in adults exposed to intimate partner violence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Brazilian public higher education institution in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: The study population consisted of adults clinically diagnosed with severe asthma and those with mild/moderate asthma identified at an asthma referral outpatient clinic. The sample comprised 492 participants who underwent clinical evaluation and completed questionnaires to assess asthma control, depression, stress, and resilience. The Conflict Tactics Scale, which measures tactics for managing marital conflicts, was used to estimate the level of intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Of the 492 participants, 76.2% were women and 91% self-referenced color black/brown, 37.8% reported low family income, 87.4% reported low education level, 71.7% reported high stress, 32.5% reported low resilience, 18.5% reported moderate or severe depression, 83.3% reported resolute negotiation, 49.4% reported major psychological aggression, 19.6% reported major physical aggression, 15.5% reported major injury, and 7.3% reported major sexual coercion. Regression analysis revealed that sex was an effect modifier. CONCLUSION: Women in situations of social vulnerability, with low income and poor education, with depression, severe asthma, and those who used aggression to resolve marital conflicts had a profile associated with a lack of asthma control.

2021 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of severe asthma.

Advances in the understanding that severe asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease and in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of asthma, with the identification of different phenotypes and endotypes, have allowed new approaches for the diagnosis and characterization of the disease and have resulted in relevant changes in pharmacological management. In this context, the definition of severe asthma has been established, being differentiated from difficult-to-control asthma. These recommendations address this topic and review advances in phenotyping, use of biomarkers, and new treatments for severe asthma. Emphasis is given to topics regarding personalized management of the patient and selection of biologicals, as well as the importance of evaluating the response to treatment. These recommendations apply to adults and children with severe asthma and are targeted at physicians involved in asthma treatment. A panel of 17 Brazilian pulmonologists was invited to review recent evidence on the diagnosis and management of severe asthma, adapting it to the Brazilian reality. Each of the experts was responsible for reviewing a topic or question relevant to the topic. In a second phase, four experts discussed and structured the texts produced, and, in the last phase, all experts reviewed and approved the present manuscript and its recommendations.

A especialidade de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica no Brasil: como começamos a segunda década do século XXI? / The specialty of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Brazil: how do we start the second decade of the 21st century?

Introdução: É necessário conhecer a situação de alergistas/ imunologistas nos diferentes cenários de atuação, identificando perfis e eventuais dificuldades. O conhecimento destes dados poderá servir de subsídio para fomentar a implementação de políticas que garantam a integralidade na atenção à saúde do paciente com doenças alérgicas e erros inatos da imunidade (EII). Objetivo: Verificar o perfil dos especialistas em Alergia e Imunologia no Brasil, em relação ao local de atuação, acesso a exames, terapias e o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 sobre o seu exercício profissional. Métodos: Estudo descritivo-exploratório, com dados coletados por inquérito on-line, utilizando-se a ferramenta Google Forms. Todos os associados adimplentes da ASBAI foram convidados a participar. O questionário abordou aspectos sociodemográficos e profissionais. As informações foram analisadas no programa SPSS versão 20.0. Resultados: Quatrocentos e sessenta associados responderam ao questionário. Observou-se predomínio de mulheres (73%), com mediana de idade de 47 anos. A maioria dos participantes atua no setor privado (95%), e 47% no setor público. Aproximadamente 80% dos que atendem no setor público referiram ter acesso a algum exame diagnóstico para doenças alérgicas e EII. Apenas 35% dos especialistas do sistema público têm acesso a imunoterapia alérgeno específica, contra 96% dos que atuam no setor privado. Já aos medicamentos imunobiológicos, 53% e 72% dos especialistas que atuam no serviço público e privado, respectivamente, referiram acesso. Mais de 60% dos associados participantes da pesquisa tiveram redução no número de consultas em pelo menos 50%, e 56% tem realizado atendimento por teleconsulta durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão: Os associados da ASBAI têm incorporado na sua prática clínica os avanços na terapia das doenças imunoalérgicas, mas vários métodos diagnósticos ainda são pouco acessíveis. A presença do especialista em Alergia e Imunologia no SUS, também precisa ser ampliada. A pandemia do coronavírus trouxe a discussão da telemedicina como um método de atendimento clínico em nossa especialidade.

Introduction: It is necessary to know the situation of allergists/ immunologists in different scenarios of action, identifying profiles and possible difficulties. The knowledge of these data can serve as a subsidy to promote the implementation of policies that ensure comprehensive health care for patients with allergic diseases and inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Objective: To verify the profile of specialists in Allergy and Immunology in Brazil, concerning the place of work, access to tests, therapies, and the impact of the pandemic on their professional practice. Methods: Descriptive-exploratory study, with data collected through an online survey, using the Google Forms tool. All compliant ASBAI members were invited to participate. The questionnaire addressed sociodemographic and professional aspects. The information was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Four hundred and sixty associates answered the questionnaire. Women were predominant (73%), and the median age was 47 years. Most participants work in the private sector (95%) and 47% in the public sector. Approximately 80% of those who work in the public sector reported having access to some diagnostic tests for allergic diseases and IEI. Only 35% of specialists in the public system have access to specific allergen immunotherapy, against 96% of those working in the private sector. As for immunobiological drugs, 53% and 72% of specialists working in the public and private service, respectively, reported access. More than 60% of the members participating in the survey had a reduction in the number of consultations by at least 50% and 56% have been assisted by teleconsultation during the Covid19 pandemic. Conclusion: ASBAI associates have incorporated advances in the therapy of immune allergic diseases into their clinical practice, but several diagnostic methods are still inaccessible. The presence of specialists in Allergy and Immunology in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) also needs to be expanded. The coronavirus pandemic brought the discussion of telemedicine as a method of clinical care practice in our specialty.

Depression, suicidal motivation and suicidal ideation among individuals with asthma: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic disease associated with risk of depression and suicidal events. The present study estimated the frequency of depression, suicidal motivation (SM) and suicidal ideation (SI) and identified clinical and psychosocial factors associated with these outcomes among individuals with asthma. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of a non-probabilistic sample of 1,358 adults with asthma and controls without asthma. Asthma severity and asthma control were assessed by a physician according to WHO (2009) and GINA (2012) criteria. Depression, SM and SI were screened by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Psychosocial factors were evaluated by a Community Violence Questionnaire, a Social Support Scale, a Stress Perceived Scale and a Resilience Scale. Chi-Square Test, and logistic regression models were performed to evaluate association between variables and outcomes. RESULTS: Among all participants, 222 (16.30%) had depression, 331 (24.40%) SM and 73 (5.40%) SI. There were 138 (12.10%) individuals with mild depression and SM, and 14 (1.20%) with mild depression and SI. After adjustment, severe asthma (SA) increased the chance of depression by 53.00% whereas mild to moderate asthma (MMA) increased by eleven-fold the likelihood of SI. Perception of low social support increased the chance of depression (OR 3.59; 95% CI, 2.44-5.28) and low resilience by (OR 2.96; 95% CI, 2.00-4.38); distress increased the odds of SM by 37.00%, and low affective support perception raised the likelihood of SI by (OR 6.82; 95% CI, 1.94-2.90). CONCLUSIONS: Asthma, whether mild to moderate or severe, increased the chance of depression and SI. It is noteworthy that individuals with mild depression and MMA are at greater risk for SM and SI. Among the psychosocial variables, perception of low social support and low resilience were the variables associated with depression; distress impacted on SM, and the perception of low affective support raised the chance of SI.

Hospital admission rate in children and adolescents with mild persistent asthma.

INTRODUCTION: The health and financial burden of mild-persistent asthma has been poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the rate of hospital admissions that have occurred during the preceding year between children and adolescents with current mild-persistent (MP) and moderate-severe (MS) asthma. METHODS: We screened children and adolescents with asthma at eight outpatient clinics. The inclusion criteria were asthma diagnosis, age from 6 to 18 years and follow-up with a physician during the preceding 6 months. Subjects answered standardized questionnaires and underwent spirometry. RESULTS: We enrolled 220 MP and 102 MS asthmatic subjects. The proportion of subjects with HA during the preceding year was similar between MP and MS asthma groups (7% vs. 7%; p = .89). Symptoms score and the financial values spent by the family in the care of asthma were lower in MP asthma as compared with MS asthma group (asthma control questionnaire score 0.7 [0.3-1.0) vs. 2.0 [1.1-2.5]; p < .01) (asthma expenses in USD 13 [2-43] vs. 28 [10-83]; p < .01). The frequency of subjects using inhaled corticosteroids maintenance therapy was lower in the MP asthma group as compared with the MS asthma group (54% vs. 100%; p < .01). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the frequency of hospital admissions that have occurred during the preceding year was similar between subjects with current MP and MS asthma. Symptoms score and the financial values spent by the family in the care of asthma were lower in the MP asthma group.

Oral health-related quality of life in individuals with severe asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among individuals with severe asthma, comparing it with that observed among individuals with mild-to-moderate asthma and individuals without asthma. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 125 individuals: 40 with severe asthma; 35 with mild-to-moderate asthma; and 50 without asthma. We calculated the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, as well as the Periodontal Screening and Recording index, and determined the stimulated salivary flow rate. We applied three structured questionnaires: the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14); the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF-36v2); and the Work Ability Index (WAI). RESULTS: Periodontitis and reduced salivary flow were both more common in the severe asthma group than in the mild-to-moderate asthma and no-asthma groups. In addition, the WAI scores were lower in the severe asthma group than in the mild-to-moderate asthma and no-asthma groups, as were the scores for all SF-36v2 domains. The individuals with severe asthma also scored lower for the OHIP-14 domains than did those without asthma. Although the mean DMFT index did not differ significantly among the groups, the mean number of missing teeth was highest in the severe asthma group. Strong correlations between the SF-36v2 Component Summaries and poorer OHRQoL were only observed in the severe asthma group. CONCLUSIONS: Severe asthma appears to be associated with poorer oral health, poorer OHRQoL, a lower WAI, and lower scores for SF-36v2 domains.

Genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D pathway influence 25(OH)D levels and are associated with atopy and asthma.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, has been associated with atopy and lack of asthma control. Our objective was to investigate associations between variants in genes of vitamin D pathway with serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), atopy, asthma and asthma severity in teenagers from Northeast Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study nested in a cohort population of asthma. 25(OH)D was quantified from 968 of 11-17 years old individuals by ELISA. Asthma diagnosis was obtained by using the ISAAC Phase III questionnaire. Specific IgE was determined by ImmunoCAP; genotyping was performed using the 2.5 HumanOmni Biochip from Illumina. Statistical analyses were performed in PLINK 1.07 and SPSS 22.1. RESULTS: After quality control, 104 Single Nucleotides Variants (SNVs) in vitamin D pathway genes, typed in 792 individuals, were included in the analysis. The allele A of rs10875694 on VDR was positively associated with atopy (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.01-1.81). The allele C of rs9279 on VDR, was negatively associated with asthma risk (OR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.45-0.97), vitamin D insufficiency (OR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.70-0.96) and higher VDR expression. Two variants in VDR were associated with asthma severity, the allele A of rs2189480 (OR = 0.34; 95% CI 0.13-0.89) and the allele G of rs4328262 (OR = 3.18; 95% CI 1.09-9.28). The combination of variants in CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 (GAC, to rs10500804, rs12794714 and rs3886163, respectively) was negatively associated with vitamin D production (ß = - 1.24; 95% CI - 2.42 to - 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variants in the vitamin D pathway affect vitamin D serum levels and, thus, atopy and asthma.

Asthma mortality in children and adolescents of Brazil over a 20-year period / Mortalidade por asma em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil ao longo de 20 anos

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the number of asthma deaths and the temporal trend of the asthma-specific mortality rate in children and adolescents up to 19 years of age in Brazil. Methods: This is an ecological time-series study of asthma deaths reported in Brazil, in the population up to 19 years of age, between 1996 and 2015. The specific asthma mortality rate and its temporal trend were analyzed. Results: There were 5014 deaths during the 20 years evaluated, with the majority, 68.1%, being recorded in children under 5 years of age. The specific asthma mortality rate ranged from 0.57/100,000 in 1997 to 0.21/100,000 in 2014, with a significant reduction of 59.8%. Regarding the place of death, 79.4% occurred in a hospital setting. In this sample, the adolescents had a 1.5-fold higher chance of death out-of-hospital than children up to nine years of age. There was no significant difference in the temporal trend between the genders and no significant decrease in out-of-hospital deaths. Conclusions: This study found a temporal trend for a reduction in asthma deaths over 20 years in children and adolescents in Brazil. Mortality rates varied across the geographic regions of the country and were higher in the Northeast. The prevalence of deaths under 5 years of age may be associated with the greater vulnerability of this age group in low-income countries. In adolescence, deaths outside the hospital environment are noteworthy. Asthma deaths are rare but unacceptable events, considering the treatable nature of the disease and the presence of avoidable factors in most of fatal outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo: Estimar o número de óbitos por asma e a tendência temporal da taxa de mortalidade por asma em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais em que foram avaliados os óbitos por asma ocorridos no Brasil entre 1996 e 2015, na população com até 19 anos. Foram analisadas a taxa de mortalidade específica por asma e a sua tendência temporal. Resultados: Ocorreram 5.014 óbitos, a maioria (68,1%) registrada em menores de cinco anos. Observou-se uma oscilação da taxa de mortalidade específica por asma entre 0,57 e 0,21/100.000 habitantes, o que correspondeu a uma redução de 59,8% no período. Quanto ao local dos óbitos, 79,4% ocorreram em ambiente hospitalar. Nesta amostra o adolescente teve 1,5 vez mais chance de óbito por asma fora do ambiente hospitalar do que as crianças até nove anos. Não foi observada diferença significativa da redução da tendência temporal entre os sexos e dos óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar. Conclusões: Houve tendência temporal de redução da mortalidade por asma em crianças e adolescentes nos 20 anos avaliados. As taxas de mortalidade variaram nas diversas regiões geográficas do país, foram mais elevadas na Região Nordeste. O predomínio dos óbitos abaixo de cinco anos pode se associar a maior vulnerabilidade desse grupo em países de baixa renda. Na adolescência, ressaltam-se óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar. As mortes por asma são eventos inaceitáveis, considera-se o caráter tratável da doença e a presença de fatores evitáveis na maioria dos desfechos fatais.

Clinical features and associated factors with severe asthma in Salvador, Brazil. / Características clínicas e fatores associados à asma grave em Salvador, Brasil.

Objective To describe the clinical features and to identify factors associated with significant severe asthma in samples of patients followed in a reference center in Salvador. Methods A cross-sectional study of 473 adults, regularly followed in the "Asthma Control Program" in Bahia (Programa de Controle da Asma e da Rinite Alérgica na Bahia (ProAR)), reassessed systematically between 2013 and 2015. The patients were admitted for meeting previous criteria of severe asthma and were reclassified according to the most current definition proposed by a joint document of the "European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society" (ERS/ATS) (ERS/ATS 2014). Results Only 88/473 (18%) were reclassified as having severe asthma by ERS/ATS criteria (SA-ERS/ATS). Among these patients, 87% were women, 48% obese, with a median Body Mass Index (BMI) of 29 kg·m2 (IQ 26-34), furthermore, 99% had symptoms of chronic rhinitis and 83% had symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). None of the 88 patients claimed to be current smokers. The most frequently corticosteroids were beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) (88%) and budesonide (BUD) (69%). The majority of the evaluations reported adequate adherence (77%), however, the minority (0,6%) detected serious errors in inhalation techniques. The median Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) associated with post-bronchodilator test (post-BD) was 67% predicted (IQ 55-80). The median number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood was lower in patients with SA-ERS/ATS (258 cells/mm3 (IQ 116-321) than in the other patients studied [258 cells/mm3 (IQ 154-403)]. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms were associated with a higher severity [OR = 2.2 95% CI (1.2-4.2)]. Conclusion In this group of patients, symptoms of GERD were associated with SA-ERS/ATS and eosinophil count > 260 cells/mm3 were associated 42% with less chance SA-ERS/ATS.

2020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma.

The pharmacological management of asthma has changed considerably in recent decades, as it has come to be understood that it is a complex, heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes and endotypes. It is now clear that the goal of asthma treatment should be to achieve and maintain control of the disease, as well as to minimize the risks (of exacerbations, disease instability, accelerated loss of lung function, and adverse treatment effects). That requires an approach that is personalized in terms of the pharmacological treatment, patient education, written action plan, training in correct inhaler use, and review of the inhaler technique at each office visit. A panel of 22 pulmonologists was invited to perform a critical review of recent evidence of pharmacological treatment of asthma and to prepare this set of recommendations, a treatment guide tailored to use in Brazil. The topics or questions related to the most significant changes in concepts, and consequently in the management of asthma in clinical practice, were chosen by a panel of experts. To formulate these recommendations, we asked each expert to perform a critical review of a topic or to respond to a question, on the basis of evidence in the literature. In a second phase, three experts discussed and structured all texts submitted by the others. That was followed by a third phase, in which all of the experts reviewed and discussed each recommendation. These recommendations, which are intended for physicians involved in the treatment of asthma, apply to asthma patients of all ages.

Exposure to secondhand smoke among patients with asthma: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of secondhand smoke exposure among patients with asthma. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of asthma patients and non-asthmatic controls using questionnaires to identify secondhand smoke exposure at home, school, work, and public places. RESULTS: We studied 544 severe asthma patients, 452 mild/moderate asthma patients, and 454 non-asthmatic patients. Among severe patients, the mean age was 51.9 years, 444 (81.6%) were female, 74 (13.6%) were living with a smoker, 383 (71.9%) reported exposure in public spaces and, of the 242 (44.5%) who worked/ studied, 46 (19.1%) reported occupational exposure. Among those with mild/moderate asthma, the mean age was 36.8 years, 351 (77.7%) were female, 50 (11.1%) reported living with a smoker, 381 (84.9%) reported exposure in public settings and, of the 330 (73.0%) who worked/ studied, 58 (17.7%) reported occupational exposure. An association between secondhand smoke exposure and disease control was found among patients with mild/moderate asthma. Among those interviewed, 71% of severe asthma patients and 63% of mild/moderate asthma patients avoided certain places due to fear of secondhand smoke exposure. CONCLUSION: Secondhand smoke exposure is a situation frequently reported by a significant proportion of asthma patients. Individuals with asthma are exposed to this agent, which can hamper disease control, exacerbate symptoms and pose unacceptable limitations to their right to come and go in public settings.

Asthma mortality in children and adolescents of Brazil over a 20-year period.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the number of asthma deaths and the temporal trend of the asthma-specific mortality rate in children and adolescents up to 19 years of age in Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological time-series study of asthma deaths reported in Brazil, in the population up to 19 years of age, between 1996 and 2015. The specific asthma mortality rate and its temporal trend were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 5014 deaths during the 20 years evaluated, with the majority, 68.1%, being recorded in children under 5 years of age. The specific asthma mortality rate ranged from 0.57/100,000 in 1997 to 0.21/100,000 in 2014, with a significant reduction of 59.8%. Regarding the place of death, 79.4% occurred in a hospital setting. In this sample, the adolescents had a 1.5-fold higher chance of death out-of-hospital than children up to nine years of age. There was no significant difference in the temporal trend between the genders and no significant decrease in out-of-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a temporal trend for a reduction in asthma deaths over 20 years in children and adolescents in Brazil. Mortality rates varied across the geographic regions of the country and were higher in the Northeast. The prevalence of deaths under 5 years of age may be associated with the greater vulnerability of this age group in low-income countries. In adolescence, deaths outside the hospital environment are noteworthy. Asthma deaths are rare but unacceptable events, considering the treatable nature of the disease and the presence of avoidable factors in most of fatal outcomes.

Exposure to secondhand smoke among patients with asthma: a cross-sectional study / Exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro entre pacientes com asma: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the frequency of secondhand smoke exposure among patients with asthma. Methods A cross-sectional study of asthma patients and non-asthmatic controls using questionnaires to identify secondhand smoke exposure at home, school, work, and public places. Results We studied 544 severe asthma patients, 452 mild/moderate asthma patients, and 454 non-asthmatic patients. Among severe patients, the mean age was 51.9 years, 444 (81.6%) were female, 74 (13.6%) were living with a smoker, 383 (71.9%) reported exposure in public spaces and, of the 242 (44.5%) who worked/ studied, 46 (19.1%) reported occupational exposure. Among those with mild/moderate asthma, the mean age was 36.8 years, 351 (77.7%) were female, 50 (11.1%) reported living with a smoker, 381 (84.9%) reported exposure in public settings and, of the 330 (73.0%) who worked/ studied, 58 (17.7%) reported occupational exposure. An association between secondhand smoke exposure and disease control was found among patients with mild/moderate asthma. Among those interviewed, 71% of severe asthma patients and 63% of mild/moderate asthma patients avoided certain places due to fear of secondhand smoke exposure. Conclusion Secondhand smoke exposure is a situation frequently reported by a significant proportion of asthma patients. Individuals with asthma are exposed to this agent, which can hamper disease control, exacerbate symptoms and pose unacceptable limitations to their right to come and go in public settings.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a frequência de exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro entre pacientes com asma. Métodos Estudo transversal, que avaliou pacientes com asma e controles sem asma, por meio de questionários, para identificar a exposição secundária à fumaça do cigarro no ambiente domiciliar, escolar, no trabalho e em ambientes públicos. Resultados Estudamos 544 asmáticos graves, 452 com asma leve/moderada e 454 sem asma. Entre os asmáticos graves, a média de idade foi de 51,9 anos, 444 (81,6%) eram do sexo feminino, 74 (13,6%) tinham fumantes em sua residência, 383 (71,9%) relataram exposição em ambientes públicos e, dos 242 (44,5%) que trabalhavam e/ou estudavam, 46 (19,1%) admitiram exposição ocupacional. Entre asmáticos leves/moderados, a média de idade foi de 36,8 anos, 351 (77,7%) eram do sexo feminino, 50 (11,1%) afirmaram haver tabagistas em sua residência, 381(84,9%) relataram exposição em ambientes públicos e, dos 330 (73,0%) que trabalhavam e/ou estudavam, 58 (17,7%) referiram exposição ocupacional. Encontrou-se associação entre exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro e controle da doença entre pacientes com asma leve/moderada. Entre os entrevistados, 71% dos pacientes asmáticos graves e 63% daqueles com asma leve/moderada relataram evitar frequentar certos ambientes pelo receio da exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro − relato mais associado aos pacientes com asma grave. Conclusão A exposição secundária à fumaça do cigarro é uma situação frequente e relatada por uma proporção significativa de asmáticos. Indivíduos com asma encontram-se expostos a este agente, que pode dificultar o controle da doença, exacerbar sintomas e lhes impor limitação inaceitável ao direito de ir e vir em ambientes públicos.

Características clínicas e fatores associados à asma grave em Salvador, Brasil / Clinical features and associated factors with severe asthma in Salvador, Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever características clínicas e identificar fatores associados a maior gravidade da asma, em uma amostra de pacientes acompanhados em um centro de referência em Salvador. Métodos Estudo transversal de 473 adultos, acompanhados regularmente no Programa para Controle da Asma na Bahia (ProAR), reavaliados de forma sistemática entre 2013 e 2015. Os pacientes foram admitidos por preencher critérios anteriores de asma grave e reclassificados de acordo com a definição mais atual, proposta por um documento conjunto da European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS 2014). Resultados Foram reclassificados como portadores de asma grave pelos critérios da ATS/ERS (AG-ERS/ATS) 88/473 (18%). Destes, 87% eram mulheres, 48% obesos, com mediana do índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 29 kg/m2 (IQ 26-34), 99% tinham sintomas de rinite crônica e 83%, sintomas de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE). Nenhum se declarou fumante atual. Os principais corticosteroides inalatórios utilizados foram beclometasona (88%) e budesonida (69%). A maioria relatou adequada adesão (77%) e a minoria das avaliações (0,6%) revelou erros graves na técnica inalatória. A mediana do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo pós-broncodilatador (VEF1pós-BD) foi 67% do predito (IQ 55-80). A mediana do número de eosinófilos no sangue periférico foi menor nos pacientes com AG-ERS/ATS [209 células/mm3 (IQ 116-321)] do que nos demais pacientes estudados [258 células/mm3 (IQ 154-403)]. Sintomas de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) foram associados a mais gravidade [OR = 2,2; IC95% (1,2-4,2)]. Conclusões Neste grupo de pacientes, sintomas de RGE foram associados a AG-ERS/ATS e contagem de eosinófilos > 260 células/mm3 esteve associada a 42% menos chance de AG-ERS/ATS.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the clinical features and to identify factors associated with significant severe asthma in samples of patients followed in a reference center in Salvador. Methods A cross-sectional study of 473 adults, regularly followed in the "Asthma Control Program" in Bahia (Programa de Controle da Asma e da Rinite Alérgica na Bahia (ProAR)), reassessed systematically between 2013 and 2015. The patients were admitted for meeting previous criteria of severe asthma and were reclassified according to the most current definition proposed by a joint document of the "European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society" (ERS/ATS) (ERS/ATS 2014). Results Only 88/473 (18%) were reclassified as having severe asthma by ERS/ATS criteria (SA-ERS/ATS). Among these patients, 87% were women, 48% obese, with a median Body Mass Index (BMI) of 29 kg·m2 (IQ 26-34), furthermore, 99% had symptoms of chronic rhinitis and 83% had symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). None of the 88 patients claimed to be current smokers. The most frequently corticosteroids were beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) (88%) and budesonide (BUD) (69%). The majority of the evaluations reported adequate adherence (77%), however, the minority (0,6%) detected serious errors in inhalation techniques. The median Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) associated with post-bronchodilator test (post-BD) was 67% predicted (IQ 55-80). The median number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood was lower in patients with SA-ERS/ATS (258 cells/mm3 (IQ 116-321) than in the other patients studied [258 cells/mm3 (IQ 154-403)]. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms were associated with a higher severity [OR = 2.2 95% CI (1.2-4.2)]. Conclusion In this group of patients, symptoms of GERD were associated with SA-ERS/ATS and eosinophil count > 260 cells/mm3 were associated 42% with less chance SA-ERS/ATS

2020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma / Recomendações para o manejo da asma da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia - 2020

ABSTRACT The pharmacological management of asthma has changed considerably in recent decades, as it has come to be understood that it is a complex, heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes and endotypes. It is now clear that the goal of asthma treatment should be to achieve and maintain control of the disease, as well as to minimize the risks (of exacerbations, disease instability, accelerated loss of lung function, and adverse treatment effects). That requires an approach that is personalized in terms of the pharmacological treatment, patient education, written action plan, training in correct inhaler use, and review of the inhaler technique at each office visit. A panel of 22 pulmonologists was invited to perform a critical review of recent evidence of pharmacological treatment of asthma and to prepare this set of recommendations, a treatment guide tailored to use in Brazil. The topics or questions related to the most significant changes in concepts, and consequently in the management of asthma in clinical practice, were chosen by a panel of experts. To formulate these recommendations, we asked each expert to perform a critical review of a topic or to respond to a question, on the basis of evidence in the literature. In a second phase, three experts discussed and structured all texts submitted by the others. That was followed by a third phase, in which all of the experts reviewed and discussed each recommendation. These recommendations, which are intended for physicians involved in the treatment of asthma, apply to asthma patients of all ages.

RESUMO O manejo farmacológico da asma mudou consideravelmente nas últimas décadas, com base no entendimento de que a asma é uma doença heterogênea e complexa, com diferentes fenótipos e endótipos. Agora está claro que o objetivo do tratamento da asma deve ser alcançar e manter o controle da doença e evitar riscos futuros (exacerbações, instabilidade da doença, perda acelerada da função pulmonar e efeitos adversos do tratamento). Isso implica em uma abordagem personalizada, incluindo tratamento farmacológico, educação do paciente, plano de ação por escrito, treinamento para uso do dispositivo inalatório e revisão da técnica inalatória a cada visita ao consultório. Um painel de 22 pneumologistas brasileiros foi convidado a revisar criticamente evidências recentes de tratamento farmacológico da asma e a preparar esta recomendação, um guia de tratamento adaptado à nossa realidade. A escolha dos tópicos ou questões relacionadas às mudanças mais significativas nos conceitos e, consequentemente, no manejo da asma na prática clínica foi realizada por um painel de especialistas. Foi solicitado a cada especialista que revisasse criticamente um tópico ou respondesse a uma pergunta, com base em evidências, para estas recomendações. Numa segunda fase, três especialistas discutiram e estruturaram todos os textos submetidos pelos demais e, na última fase, todos revisaram e discutiram cada recomendação. As presentes recomendações se aplicam a adultos e crianças com asma e destinam-se a médicos envolvidos no tratamento da doença.